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Linux Foundation CKS Exam Syllabus Topics:
Topic
Details
Topic 1
Supply Chain Security: Supply chain security addresses securing base images, whitelisting registries, signing images, performing static analysis, and scanning for vulnerabilities. The CKA exam assesses the skills of Kubernetes practitioners in protecting the entire supply chain of containerized applications from creation to deployment.
Topic 2
Cluster Hardening: Cluster hardening focuses on securing Kubernetes API access, utilizing Role-Based Access Controls, managing service accounts, and keeping Kubernetes updated. This CKS exam topic measures Kubernetes practitioners' ability to enhance cluster security by reducing exposure and managing permissions effectively.
Topic 3
System Hardening: It involves minimizing the host OS footprint, managing IAM roles, limiting network access, and using kernel hardening tools like AppArmor and seccomp. The topic tests the skills of Kubernetes practitioners that are required to secure the underlying OS and its interactions with Kubernetes.
Topic 4
Minimize Microservice Vulnerabilities: This topic of the Linux Foundation Kubernetes Security Specialist exam evaluates techniques to secure microservices, including OS-level security domains, managing Kubernetes secrets, using container runtime sandboxes, and implementing pod-to-pod encryption. It measures the ability to safeguard against vulnerabilities within a multi-tenant environment.
Topic 5
Cluster Setup: This topic assesses the skills of Kubernetes practitioners in configuring secure Kubernetes clusters. It covers network security policies, CIS benchmarks, ingress security, node metadata protection, minimizing GUI access, and verifying platform binaries. Proficiency in these areas ensures a secure foundation for Kubernetes deployments.
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Linux Foundation Certified Kubernetes Security Specialist (CKS) Sample Questions:
SIMULATION On the Cluster worker node, enforce the prepared AppArmor profile #include <tunables/global> profile nginx-deny flags=(attach_disconnected) { #include <abstractions/base> file, # Deny all file writes. deny /** w, } EOF' Edit the prepared manifest file to include the AppArmor profile. apiVersion: v1 kind: Pod metadata: name: apparmor-pod spec: containers: - name: apparmor-pod image: nginx Finally, apply the manifests files and create the Pod specified on it. Verify: Try to make a file inside the directory which is restricted.
SIMULATION Create a Pod name Nginx-pod inside the namespace testing, Create a service for the Nginx-pod named nginx-svc, using the ingress of your choice, run the ingress on tls, secure port.
See the Explanation belowExplanation: $ kubectl get ing -n <namespace-of-ingress-resource> NAME HOSTS ADDRESS PORTS AGE cafe-ingress cafe.com 10.0.2.15 80 25s $ kubectl describe ing <ingress-resource-name> -n <namespace-of-ingress-resource> Name: cafe-ingress Namespace: default Address: 10.0.2.15 Default backend: default-http-backend:80 (172.17.0.5:8080) Rules: Host Path Backends ---- ---- -------- cafe.com /tea tea-svc:80 (<none>) /coffee coffee-svc:80 (<none>) Annotations: kubectl.kubernetes.io/last-applied-configuration: {"apiVersion":"networking.k8s.io/v1","kind":"Ingress","metadata":{"annotations":{},"name":"cafe-ingress","namespace":"default","selfLink":"/apis/networking/v1/namespaces/default/ingresses/cafe-ingress"},"spec":{"rules":[{"host":"cafe.com","http":{"paths":[{"backend":{"serviceName":"tea-svc","servicePort":80},"path":"/tea"},{"backend":{"serviceName":"coffee-svc","servicePort":80},"path":"/coffee"}]}}]},"status":{"loadBalancer":{"ingress":[{"ip":"169.48.142.110"}]}}} Events: Type Reason Age From Message ---- ------ ---- ---- ------- Normal CREATE 1m ingress-nginx-controller Ingress default/cafe-ingress Normal UPDATE 58s ingress-nginx-controller Ingress default/cafe-ingress $ kubectl get pods -n <namespace-of-ingress-controller> NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE ingress-nginx-controller-67956bf89d-fv58j 1/1 Running 0 1m $ kubectl logs -n <namespace> ingress-nginx-controller-67956bf89d-fv58j ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- NGINX Ingress controller Release: 0.14.0 Build: git-734361d Repository: https://github.com/kubernetes/ingress-nginx ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ....
SIMULATION use the Trivy to scan the following images, 1. amazonlinux:1 2. k8s.gcr.io/kube-controller-manager:v1.18.6 Look for images with HIGH or CRITICAL severity vulnerabilities and store the output of the same in /opt/trivy-vulnerable.txt
SIMULATION Documentation Deployment, Pod Security Admission, Pod Security Standards You must connect to the correct host . Failure to do so may result in a zero score. [candidate@base] $ ssh cks000036 Context For compliance, all user namespaces enforce the restricted Pod Security Standard . Task The confidential namespace contains a Deployment that is not compliant with the restricted Pod Security Standard . Thus, its Pods can not be scheduled. Modify the Deployment to be compliant and verify that the Pods are running. The Deployment's manifest file can be found at /home/candidate/nginx-unprivileged.yaml.
See the Explanation below for complete solution Explanation: 1) Connect to the correct host ssh cks000036 sudo -i export KUBECONFIG=/etc/kubernetes/admin.conf 2) Confirm the failing Pods + see the PSA error (fast) kubectl -n confidential get deploy kubectl -n confidential get pods kubectl -n confidential describe deploy <deployment-name> | sed -n '/Events/,$p' (You'll usually see "violates PodSecurity 'restricted' ..." with the exact missing fields.) 3) Edit the provided manifest vi /home/candidate/nginx-unprivileged.yaml You must ensure the Pod template becomes compliant. Add/ensure the following exact blocks: 4) Add Pod-level securityContext (under spec.template.spec) Find: spec: template: spec: Add this block under it (or merge if securityContext: already exists): securityContext: runAsNonRoot: true runAsUser: 65535 seccompProfile: type: RuntimeDefault 5) Add Container-level securityContext (under the nginx container) Find: containers: - name: ... image: ... Under that container, add (or adjust) this exact block: securityContext: allowPrivilegeEscalation: false readOnlyRootFilesystem: true capabilities: drop: - ALL If there are multiple containers, apply the same container securityContext to each one. Save and exit: :wq 6) Apply the manifest to the confidential namespace kubectl -n confidential apply -f /home/candidate/nginx-unprivileged.yaml Wait rollout: kubectl -n confidential rollout status deployment/<deployment-name> If you don't know the deployment name from the file, list: kubectl -n confidential get deploy 7) Verify Pods are running kubectl -n confidential get pods -o wide If still failing, show the exact PSA violation (this tells you what else to fix): kubectl -n confidential describe pod <pod-name> | sed -n '/Events/,$p' Quick "if it still fails" fixes (common restricted blockers) Open the manifest again and ensure these are NOT set (or are removed/false): hostNetwork: true hostPID: true hostIPC: true any hostPort: privileged: true capabilities.add: seccompProfile: Unconfined runAsUser: 0 or runAsNonRoot: false Then re-apply. Minimal compliant result (what the grader expects) Your Pod template should include: seccompProfile: RuntimeDefault runAsNonRoot: true (and a non-root UID like 65535) container: allowPrivilegeEscalation: false container: capabilities.drop: [ALL] container: readOnlyRootFilesystem: true
SIMULATION Two tools are pre-installed on the cluster's worker node: Using the tool of your choice (including any non pre-installed tool), analyze the container's behavior for at least 30 seconds, using filters that detect newly spawning and executing processes. Store an incident file at /opt/KSRS00101/alerts/details, containing the detected incidents, one per line, in the following format: The following example shows a properly formatted incident file:
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