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NEW QUESTION # 46
A cloud service provider contracts for a penetration test to be conducted on its infrastructures. The auditor engages the target with no prior knowledge of its defenses, assets, or channels. The provider's security operation center is not notified in advance of the scope of the audit and the test vectors. Which mode has been selected by the provider?
- A. Double blind
- B. Reversal
- C. Double gray box
- D. Tandem
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
A double blind penetration test is a type of pen test where the hacker has no prior knowledge of the target's defenses, assets, or channels, and the target's security team is not notified in advance of the scope of the audit and the test vectors. This mode simulates a real-world attack scenario, where both the attacker and the defender have to rely on their skills and resources to achieve their objectives. A double blind penetration test can help evaluate the effectiveness of the target's security posture, detection and response capabilities, and incident management procedures12.
References:
What is Penetration Testing | Step-By-Step Process & Methods | Imperva
7 Types of Penetration Testing: Guide to Pentest Methods & Types
NEW QUESTION # 47
The MOST critical concept for managing the building and testing of code in DevOps is:
- A. continuous integration.
- B. continuous delivery.
- C. continuous deployment.
- D. continuous build.
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
Continuous integration (CI) is the most critical concept for managing the building and testing of code in DevOps. CI is the practice of merging all developers' working copies of code to a shared mainline several times a day. This enables early detection and resolution of bugs, conflicts, and errors, as well as faster and more frequent feedback loops. CI also facilitates the automation of building, testing, and deploying code, which improves the quality, reliability, and security of the software delivery process. CI is a prerequisite for continuous delivery (CD) and continuous deployment (CD), which are the next stages of DevOps maturity that aim to deliver software to customers faster and more frequently.
ISACA, Certificate of Cloud Auditing Knowledge (CCAK) Study Guide, 2021, p. 114-115 Cloud Security Alliance (CSA), Cloud Controls Matrix (CCM) v4.0, 2021, DCS-01: Datacenter Security - Build and Test What is Continuous Integration?
Continuous Integration vs Continuous Delivery vs Continuous Deployment
NEW QUESTION # 48
In cloud computing, with whom does the responsibility and accountability for compliance lie?
- A. The cloud service customer is responsible for compliance, and the cloud service provider is accountable.
- B. The cloud service provider is responsible for compliance, and the cloud service customer is accountable.
- C. The cloud service customer is responsible and accountable for compliance.
- D. The cloud service provider is responsible and accountable for compliance.
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION # 49
Your company is purchasing an application from a vendor. They do not allow you to perform an on-site audit on their information system. However, they say, they will provide the third-party audit attestation on the adequate control design within their environment. Which report is the vendor providing you?
- A. SOC 2, TYPE 1
- B. SOC 3
- C. SOC 2, TYPE 2
- D. SOC 1
Answer: C
NEW QUESTION # 50
Which of the following approaches encompasses social engineering of staff, bypassing of physical access controls and penetration testing?
- A. White box
- B. Blue team
- C. Gray box
- D. Red team
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION # 51
The MOST important factor to consider when implementing cloud-related controls is the:
- A. risk reporting.
- B. effectiveness of the controls.
- C. shared responsibility model.
- D. risk ownership
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
The most important factor to consider when implementing cloud-related controls is the shared responsibility model. The shared responsibility model is a framework that defines the roles and responsibilities of cloud service providers (CSPs) and cloud customers (CCs) in ensuring the security and compliance of cloud computing environments. The shared responsibility model helps to clarify which security tasks are handled by the CSP and which tasks are handled by the CC, depending on the type of cloud service model (IaaS, PaaS, SaaS) and the specific contractual agreements. The shared responsibility model also helps to avoid gaps or overlaps in security controls, and to allocate resources and accountability accordingly12.
References:
Shared responsibility in the cloud - Microsoft Azure
Understanding the Shared Responsibilities Model in Cloud Services - ISACA
NEW QUESTION # 52
The PRIMARY objective for an auditor to understand the organization's context for a cloud audit is to:
- A. validate the organization's performance effectiveness utilizing cloud service providers (CSP) solutions.
- B. validate whether an organization has a cloud audit plan in place.
- C. determine whether the organization has carried out control self-assessment and validated audit reports of the cloud service providers (CSP).
- D. validate an understanding of the organization's current state and how the cloud audit plan fits into the existing audit approach.
Answer: D
NEW QUESTION # 53
The effect of which of the following should have priority in planning the scope and objectives of a cloud audit?
- A. Applicable corporate standards
- B. Applicable industry good practices
- C. Organizational policies and procedures
- D. Applicable statutory requirements
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
The effect of applicable statutory requirements should have priority in planning the scope and objectives of a cloud audit, as they are the mandatory and enforceable rules that govern the cloud service provider and the cloud service customer. Statutory requirements may vary depending on the jurisdiction, industry, or sector of the cloud service provider and the cloud service customer, as well as the type, location, and sensitivity of the data processed or stored in the cloud. Statutory requirements may include laws, regulations, standards, or codes that relate to data protection, privacy, security, compliance, governance, taxation, or liability. The cloud auditor should identify and understand the applicable statutory requirements that affect the cloud service provider and the cloud service customer, and assess whether they are met and adhered to by both parties. The cloud auditor should also verify that the contractual terms and conditions between the cloud service provider and the cloud service customer reflect and comply with the applicable statutory requirements123.
Applicable industry good practices (A) are important for planning the scope and objectives of a cloud audit, but they are not as high priority as applicable statutory requirements. Industry good practices are the recommended or accepted methods or techniques for achieving a desired outcome or result in a specific domain or context. Industry good practices may include frameworks, guidelines, principles, or best practices that are developed by professional bodies, associations, or organizations that have expertise or authority in a certain field or area. Industry good practices may help the cloud service provider and the cloud service customer to improve their performance, quality, efficiency, or effectiveness in delivering or using cloud services. However, industry good practices are not mandatory or enforceable, and they may vary or change over time depending on the evolution of technology or business needs123.
Organizational policies and procedures are important for planning the scope and objectives of a cloud audit, but they are not as high priority as applicable statutory requirements. Organizational policies and procedures are the internal rules and guidelines that define the objectives, expectations, and responsibilities of an organization regarding its operations, activities, processes, or functions. Organizational policies and procedures may include mission statements, vision statements, values statements, strategies, goals, plans, standards, manuals, handbooks, or instructions that are specific to an organization. Organizational policies and procedures may help the organization to align its actions and decisions with its purpose and direction, as well as to ensure consistency and accountability among its members or stakeholders. However, organizational policies and procedures are not mandatory or enforceable outside the organization, and they may differ or conflict among different organizations123.
Applicable corporate standards (D) are important for planning the scope and objectives of a cloud audit, but they are not as high priority as applicable statutory requirements. Corporate standards are the internal rules and guidelines that define the minimum level of quality, performance, reliability, or compatibility that an organization expects from its products, services, processes, or systems. Corporate standards may include specifications, criteria, metrics, indicators, benchmarks, or baselines that are specific to an organization.
Corporate standards may help the organization to measure and evaluate its outputs or outcomes against its objectives or expectations, as well as to identify and address any gaps or issues that may arise. However, corporate standards are not mandatory or enforceable outside the organization, and they may differ or conflict among different organizations123.
Cloud Audits: A Guide for Cloud Service Providers - Cloud Standards ...
Cloud Audits: A Guide for Cloud Service Customers - Cloud Standards ...
Cloud Auditing Knowledge: Preparing for the CCAK Certificate Exam
NEW QUESTION # 54
An auditor wants to get information about the operating effectiveness of controls addressing privacy, availability, and confidentiality of a service organization. Which of the following can BEST help to gain the required information?
- A. ISO/IEC 27001 certification
- B. ISAE 3402 report
- C. SOC1 Type 1 report
- D. SOC2 Type 2 report
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
A SOC2 Type 2 report can best help an auditor to get information about the operating effectiveness of controls addressing privacy, availability, and confidentiality of a service organization. A SOC2 Type 2 report is an internal control report that examines the security, availability, processing integrity, confidentiality, and privacy of a service organization's system and data over a specified period of time, typically 3-12 months. A SOC2 Type 2 report is based on the AICPA Trust Services Criteria and provides an independent auditor's opinion on the design and operating effectiveness of the service organization's controls. A SOC2 Type 2 report can help an auditor to assess the risks and challenges associated with outsourcing services to a cloud provider and to verify that the provider meets the relevant compliance requirements and industry standards.12 References := CCAK Study Guide, Chapter 5: Cloud Auditing, page 971; SOC 2 Type II Compliance: Definition, Requirements, and Why You Need It2
NEW QUESTION # 55
After finding a vulnerability in an Internet-facing server of an organization, a cybersecurity criminal is able to access an encrypted file system and successfully manages to overwrite parts of some files with random data. In reference to the Top Threats Analysis methodology, how would the technical impact of this incident be categorized?
- A. As a control breach
- B. As an integrity breach
- C. As a confidentiality breach
- D. As an availability breach
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
The technical impact of this incident would be categorized as an integrity breach in reference to the Top Threats Analysis methodology. The Top Threats Analysis methodology is a process developed by the Cloud Security Alliance (CSA) to help organizations identify, analyze, and mitigate the top threats to cloud computing, as defined in the CSA Top Threats reports. The methodology consists of six steps: scope definition, threat identification, technical impact identification, business impact identification, risk assessment, and risk treatment. Each of these provides different insights and visibility into the organization's security posture.1 The technical impact identification step involves determining the impact on confidentiality, integrity, and availability of the information system caused by each threat. Confidentiality refers to the protection of data from unauthorized access or disclosure. Integrity refers to the protection of data from unauthorized modification or deletion. Availability refers to the protection of data and services from disruption or denial.2 An integrity breach occurs when a threat compromises the accuracy and consistency of the data or system. An integrity breach can result in data corruption, falsification, or manipulation, which can affect the reliability and trustworthiness of the data or system. An integrity breach can also have serious consequences for the business operations and decisions that depend on the data or system.3 In this case, the cybersecurity criminal was able to access an encrypted file system and overwrite parts of some files with random data. This means that the data in those files was altered without authorization and became unusable or invalid. This is a clear example of an integrity breach, as it violated the principle of ensuring that data is accurate and consistent throughout its lifecycle.4 References := CCAK Study Guide, Chapter 4: A Threat Analysis Methodology for Cloud Using CCM, page
811; What is CIA Triad? Definition and Examples2; Data Integrity vs Data Security: What's The Difference?3; Data Integrity: Definition & Examples
NEW QUESTION # 56
DevSecOps aims to integrate security tools and processes directly into the software development life cycle and should be done:
- A. at the beginning of the development cycle.
- B. after go-live.
- C. in all development steps.
- D. at the end of the development cycle.
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
According to the CCAK Study Guide, the business continuity management and operational resilience strategy of the cloud customer should be formulated jointly with the cloud service provider, as they share the responsibility for ensuring the availability and recoverability of the cloud services. The strategy should cover all aspects of business continuity and resilience planning, taking inputs from the assessed impact and risks, to consider activities for before, during, and after a disruption. These activities include prevention, mitigation, response, recovery, restoration, and improvement. The strategy should also define the roles and responsibilities of both parties, the communication channels and escalation procedures, the testing and exercising plans, and the review and update mechanisms1 The other options are not correct because:
Option B is not correct because the strategy should not only be developed within the acceptable limits of the risk appetite, but also aligned with the business objectives and stakeholder expectations of both parties. The risk appetite is only one of the factors that influence the strategy formulation1 Option C is not correct because the strategy should not only cover the activities required to continue and recover prioritized activities within identified time frames and agreed capacity, but also consider the activities for before and after a disruption, such as prevention, mitigation, improvement, etc. The strategy should also include other elements such as roles and responsibilities, communication channels, testing plans, etc1 References: 1: ISACA, Cloud Security Alliance. Certificate of Cloud Auditing Knowledge (CCAK) Study Guide. 2021. pp. 83-84.
NEW QUESTION # 57
When using a SaaS solution, who is responsible for application security?
- A. Both cloud consumer and the enterprise
- B. The cloud service consumer only
- C. The cloud service provider only
- D. Both cloud provider and the consumer
Answer: C
NEW QUESTION # 58
What is the advantage of using dynamic application security testing (DAST) over static application security testing (SAST) methodology?
- A. DAST can dynamically integrate with most CI/CD tools.
- B. DAST is slower but thorough.
- C. DAST delivers more false positives than SAST.
- D. Unlike SAST, DAST is a blackbox and programming language agnostic.
Answer: D
NEW QUESTION # 59
In which control should a cloud service provider, upon request, inform customers of compliance impact and risk, especially if customer data is used as part of the services?
- A. Data Inventory control
- B. Compliance control
- C. Service Provider control
- D. Impact and Risk control
Answer: C
NEW QUESTION # 60
The CSA STAR Certification is based on criteria outlined the Cloud Security Alliance (CSA) Cloud Controls Matrix (CCM) in addition to:
- A. ISO/IEC 27001 implementation.
- B. GB/T 22080-2008.
- C. GDPR CoC certification.
- D. SOC 2 Type 1 or 2 reports.
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
The CSA STAR Certification is based on criteria outlined in the Cloud Security Alliance (CSA) Cloud Controls Matrix (CCM) in addition to ISO/IEC 27001 implementation. The CCM is a cybersecurity control framework for cloud computing that covers 17 domains and 197 control objectives that address all key aspects of cloud technology. ISO/IEC 27001 is a standard for information security management systems that specifies the requirements for establishing, implementing, maintaining, and continually improving an information security management system within the context of the organization. The CSA STAR Certification demonstrates that a cloud service provider conforms to the applicable requirements of ISO/IEC 27001, has addressed issues critical to cloud security as outlined in the CCM, and has been assessed against the STAR Capability Maturity Model for the management of activities in CCM control areas1. The CSA STAR Certification is a third-party independent assessment of the security of a cloud service provider and provides a high level of assurance and trust to customers2.
References:
CSA STAR Certification - Azure Compliance | Microsoft Learn
STAR | CSA
NEW QUESTION # 61
Which of the following is an example of a corrective control?
- A. Unsuccessful access attempts being automatically logged for investigation
- B. A central antivirus system installing the latest signature files before allowing a connection to the network
- C. All new employees having standard access rights until their manager approves privileged rights
- D. Privileged access to critical information systems requiring a second factor of authentication using a soft token
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
A corrective control is a measure taken to correct or reduce the impact of an error, deviation, or unwanted activity1. Corrective control can be either manual or automated, depending on the type of control used. Corrective control can involve procedures, manuals, systems, patches, quarantines, terminations, reboots, or default dates1. A Business Continuity Plan (BCP) is an example of a corrective control.
Unsuccessful access attempts being automatically logged for investigation is an example of a corrective control because it is a response to a potential security incident that aims to identify and resolve the cause and prevent future occurrences2. Logging and investigating failed login attempts can help detect unauthorized or malicious attempts to access sensitive data or systems and take appropriate actions to mitigate the risk.
The other options are examples of preventive controls, which are designed to prevent problems from occurring in the first place3. Preventive controls can include:
A central antivirus system installing the latest signature files before allowing a connection to the network: This is a preventive control because it prevents malware infection by blocking potentially harmful connections and updating the antivirus software regularly4.
All new employees having standard access rights until their manager approves privileged rights: This is a preventive control because it prevents unauthorized access by enforcing the principle of least privilege and requiring approval for granting higher-level permissions5.
Privileged access to critical information systems requiring a second factor of authentication using a soft token: This is a preventive control because it prevents credential theft or compromise by adding an extra layer of security to verify the identity of the user.
References:
What is a corrective control? - Answers1, section on Corrective control Detective controls - SaaS Lens - docs.aws.amazon.com2, section on Unsuccessful login attempts Internal control: how do preventive and detective controls work?3, section on Preventive Controls What Are Security Controls? - F54, section on Preventive Controls The 3 Types of Internal Controls (With Examples) | Layer Blog5, section on Preventive Controls What are the 3 Types of Internal Controls? - RiskOptics - Reciprocity, section on Preventive Controls
NEW QUESTION # 62
An auditor is performing an audit on behalf of a cloud customer. For assessing security awareness, the auditor should:
- A. assess the existence and adequacy of a security awareness training program at the cloud service provider's organization as the cloud customer hired the auditor to review and cloud service.
- B. assess the existence and adequacy of a security awareness training program at both the cloud customer's organization and the cloud service provider's organization.
- C. not assess the security awareness training program as it is each organization's responsibility
- D. assess the existence and adequacy of a security awareness training program at the cloud customer's organization as they hired the auditor.
Answer: C
NEW QUESTION # 63
When applying the Top Threats Analysis methodology following an incident, what is the scope of the technical impact identification step?
- A. Determine the impact on the physical and environmental security of the organization, excluding informational assets.
- B. Determine the impact on the financial, operational, compliance, and reputation of the
- C. Determine the impact on confidentiality, integrity, and availability of the information system.
- D. Determine the impact on the controls that were selected by the organization to respond to identified risks.
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
When applying the Top Threats Analysis methodology following an incident, the scope of the technical impact identification step is to determine the impact on confidentiality, integrity, and availability of the information system. The Top Threats Analysis methodology is a process developed by the Cloud Security Alliance (CSA) to help organizations identify, analyze, and mitigate the top threats to cloud computing, as defined in the CSA Top Threats reports. The methodology consists of six steps1:
Scope definition: Define the scope of the analysis, such as the cloud service model, deployment model, and business context.
Threat identification: Identify the relevant threats from the CSA Top Threats reports that may affect the scope of the analysis.
Technical impact identification: Determine the impact on confidentiality, integrity, and availability of the information system caused by each threat. Confidentiality refers to the protection of data from unauthorized access or disclosure. Integrity refers to the protection of data from unauthorized modification or deletion. Availability refers to the protection of data and services from disruption or denial.
Business impact identification: Determine the impact on the business objectives and operations caused by each threat, such as financial loss, reputational damage, legal liability, or regulatory compliance.
Risk assessment: Assess the likelihood and severity of each threat based on the technical and business impacts, and prioritize the threats according to their risk level.
Risk treatment: Select and implement appropriate risk treatment options for each threat, such as avoidance, mitigation, transfer, or acceptance.
The technical impact identification step is important because it helps to measure the extent of damage or harm that each threat can cause to the information system and its components. This step also helps to align the technical impacts with the business impacts and to support the risk assessment and treatment steps.
References := CCAK Study Guide, Chapter 4: A Threat Analysis Methodology for Cloud Using CCM, page
81
NEW QUESTION # 64
When migrating to a cloud environment, which of the following should be the PRIMARY driver for the use of encryption?
- A. Cost-benefit analysis
- B. The presence of PII
- C. Organizational security policies
- D. Cloud Service Provider encryption capabilities
Answer: D
NEW QUESTION # 65
All cloud services utilize virtualization technologies.
- A. False
- B. True
Answer: B
NEW QUESTION # 66
Due to cloud audit team resource constraints, an audit plan as initially approved cannot be completed. Assuming that the situation is communicated in the cloud audit report which course of action is MOST relevant?
- A. Testing the operational effectiveness of cloud controls
- B. Focusing on auditing high-risk areas
- C. Relying on management testing of cloud controls
- D. Testing the adequacy of cloud controls design
Answer: B
NEW QUESTION # 67
Which of the following is the GREATEST risk associated with hidden interdependencies between cloud services?
- A. There is a lack of visibility over the cloud service providers' supply chain.
- B. Customers do not understand cloud technologies in enough detail.
- C. Cloud services are very complicated.
- D. The IT department does not clearly articulate the cloud to the organization.
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
The greatest risk associated with hidden interdependencies between cloud services is the lack of visibility over the cloud service providers' supply chain. Hidden interdependencies are the complex and often unknown relationships and dependencies between different cloud services, providers, sub-providers, and customers.
These interdependencies can create challenges and risks for the security, availability, performance, and compliance of the cloud services and data. For example, a failure or breach in one cloud service can affect other cloud services that depend on it, or a change in one cloud provider's policy or contract can impact other cloud providers or customers that rely on it.12 The lack of visibility over the cloud service providers' supply chain means that the customers do not have enough information or control over how their cloud services and data are delivered, managed, and protected by the providers and their sub-providers. This can expose the customers to various threats and vulnerabilities, such as data breaches, data loss, service outages, compliance violations, legal disputes, or contractual conflicts.
The customers may also face difficulties in monitoring, auditing, or verifying the security and compliance status of their cloud services and data across the supply chain. Therefore, it is important for the customers to understand the hidden interdependencies between cloud services and to establish clear and transparent agreements with their cloud providers and sub-providers regarding their roles, responsibilities, expectations, and obligations.3 References := How to identify and map service dependencies - Gremlin1; Mitigate Risk for Data Center Network Migration - Cisco2; Practical Guide to Cloud Service Agreements Version 2.03; HIDDEN INTERDEPENDENCIES BETWEEN INFORMATION AND ORGANIZATIONAL ...
NEW QUESTION # 68
While performing the audit, the auditor found that an object storage bucket containing PII could be accessed by anyone on the Internet. Given this discovery, what should be the most appropriate action for the auditor to perform?
- A. Informing the organization's internal audit manager immediately about the gap
- B. Documenting the finding in the audit report and sharing the gap with the relevant stakeholders
- C. Highlighting the gap to the audit sponsor at the sponsor's earliest possible availability
- D. Asking the organization's cloud administrator to immediately close the gap by updating the configuration settings and making the object storage bucket private and hence inaccessible from the Internet
Answer: B
NEW QUESTION # 69
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